What is a Figured Bass?

Figured bass is a musical notation system used primarily in Baroque music to indicate the harmonies to be played above a written bass line. Numbers and symbols are written below the bass notes to show the intervals and chords that should be realized by the performer, usually on a keyboard instrument or lute.

For example, a bass note with a “6” below it indicates that the performer should play a note a sixth above the bass, forming part of a chord. A “6/4” figure indicates that the chord should include notes a fourth and a sixth above the bass. Other symbols, such as sharps, flats, or slashes, modify the intervals to specify exact pitches.

Figured bass was a central tool in Baroque harmony and continuo playing, allowing performers to improvise harmonies while following the composer’s harmonic intentions. It is still studied today to understand Baroque performance practice, harmony, and chord realization techniques.