What is a First Species Counterpoint?

First species counterpoint is the simplest type of species counterpoint, where each note in the added melodic line is matched note-for-note with the cantus firmus (a fixed melody). In this approach, every note of the counterpoint corresponds directly to a note in the existing line, creating a one-to-one rhythmic relationship.

In first species, the focus is on consonant intervals, such as thirds, sixths, fifths, and octaves, while avoiding dissonances between the voices. The melodies move in careful steps or small leaps to ensure smooth voice leading and a balanced harmonic relationship. This strict framework helps composers and students learn how to create harmonically stable polyphonic lines.

First species counterpoint is widely used in teaching counterpoint and classical composition, serving as the foundation for more complex species. By mastering note-against-note writing, students develop an understanding of consonance, intervallic relationships, and voice independence, which prepares them for second, third, and higher species counterpoint.