What is a Proximity Effect?

The proximity effect is a phenomenon that occurs with many directional microphones where the low-frequency (bass) response increases as the microphone gets closer to the sound source. This can make the recorded sound appear deeper, fuller, or more bass-heavy.

The effect is most noticeable with microphones that use directional pickup patterns such as cardioid, supercardioid, hypercardioid, and figure-8. Omnidirectional microphones generally do not exhibit proximity effect because they capture sound equally from all directions.

Audio engineers and performers often use the proximity effect creatively to shape tone. For example, a singer may move closer to a microphone to produce a warmer vocal sound, while moving farther away can reduce bass buildup and create a more balanced tone.