What is a Tanpura?

A tanpura, also spelled tambura, is a long-necked string instrument used in Indian classical music to provide a continuous harmonic drone. Unlike many other string instruments, the tanpura is not typically used to play melodies. Instead, its main role is to create a steady background sound that supports the main performers by establishing the tonal foundation of the music.

The instrument usually has four or five strings that are gently plucked in a repeating pattern. Each string is tuned to specific notes that relate to the musical scale being used in the performance. As the strings vibrate, they produce a rich and sustained resonance that blends together to form a smooth, continuous sound. This drone helps singers and instrumentalists stay in tune and maintain the correct tonal center during a performance.

Tanpuras are widely used in both North Indian and South Indian classical music traditions. They often accompany instruments such as the sitar, sarod, violin, and classical vocalists. Today, the tanpura remains an essential part of Indian classical performances, and digital versions of the instrument are also used to recreate its continuous drone in modern recordings and practice sessions.